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The CD system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping, allowing cells to be defined based on what molecules are present on their surface. These markers are often used to associate cells with certain immune functions. While using one CD molecule to define populations is uncommon (though a few examples exist), combining markers has ...
The cells are characterized by expressing the cell surface markers CD33, CD34 and HLA-DR. [6] These surface markers are proteins on the surface that are unique to specific cells and certain maturation periods, allowing researchers to differentiate between two different cells as well as what stage the cell is found in its developmental progression.
In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. It may be defined as a "cellular, biochemical or molecular alteration in cells, tissues or fluids that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention."
CD34 is expressed in hematopoietic progenitor cells and endothelial cells of blood vessels. Thus, it has been used as a marker for capillaries and blood vessels. One of the most densely vascular organs is the kidney, wherein networks of capillaries are intertwined with renal tubules.
KIT is a cytokine receptor expressed on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells as well as other cell types. Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer . [ 9 ] KIT is a receptor tyrosine kinase type III, which binds to stem cell factor , also known as "steel factor" or "c-kit ligand".
Each cell membrane can have several kinds of membrane receptors, with varying surface distributions. A single receptor may also be differently distributed at different membrane positions, depending on the sort of membrane and cellular function. Receptors are often clustered on the membrane surface, rather than evenly distributed. [5] [6]
In CLL, the lymphocytes are all genetically identical since they are derived from the same B cell lineage. CLL cells can express the typical B-cell markers such as CD19 and CD20, as well as abnormal surface markers such as CD5 and CD23. [33] On a peripheral blood smear, CLL cells resemble normal lymphocytes, although slightly smaller.
CD38 (cluster of differentiation 38), also known as cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase, is a glycoprotein [5] found on the surface of many immune cells (white blood cells), including CD4 +, CD8 +, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells.