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Each kalpa has 14 manvantaras and 15 manvantara-sandhyas in the following order: 1st manvantara-sandhya (a.k.a. adi sandhya) 1st manvantara; 2nd manvantara-sandhya; 2nd manvantara... 14th manvantara-sandhya; 14th manvantara; 15th manvantara-sandhya; Manusmriti, Ch. 1: [9] (67) A year is a day and a night of the gods ... (79) The before ...
12 hours (1 day proper: kalpa) of Brahma = 4.32 billion solar years (1,000 chatur-yugas; 14 manvantaras + 15 manvantara-sandhyas) 24 hours (1 day & night: kalpa + pralaya) of Brahma = 8.64 billion solar years; 30 days (1 month) of Brahma = 259.2 billion solar years; 12 months (1 year) of Brahma = 3.1104 trillion solar years
There are 14 manvantaras (4,294,080,000 years) in a kalpa with a remainder of 25,920,000 years assigned to 15 manvantara-sandhyas (junctures), each the length of a Satya Yuga (1,728,000 years). A kalpa is followed by a pralaya (night or partial dissolution) of equal length forming a full day (24-hour day).
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[1] [2] In the Rigveda , a yuga refers to generations, a period of time (whether long or short), or a yoke (joining of two things). [ 3 ] In the Mahabharata , the words yuga and kalpa (a day of Brahma ) are used interchangeably to describe the cycle of creation and destruction.
A regular kalpa is approximately 16 million years long (16,798,000 years [16]), and a small kalpa is 1000 regular kalpas, or about 16.8 billion years. [citation needed] Further, a medium kalpa is roughly 336 billion years, the equivalent of 20 small kalpas. [citation needed] A great kalpa is four medium kalpas, [17] or about 1.3 trillion years.
Per the Markandeya Purana, the story of Mahishasura was narrated in the second Manvantara (approximately 1.3 billion years ago, as per the Vishnu Purana) by Maharishi Medha to a king named Soorut, as an incident which occurred in times ancient for even the 2nd Manvantara. Mahishasura is described as an evil being who can change his outer form ...
Aryabhata II also deduced a method to calculate the cube root of a number, but his method was already given by Aryabhata I, many years earlier. Indian mathematicians were very keen to give the correct sine tables since they played a vital role to calculate the planetary positions as accurately as possible.