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Hal Varian presented three models of security using the metaphor of the height of walls around a town to show security as a normal good, public good, or good with externalities. Free riding is the end result, in any case. Lawrence A. Gordon and Martin P. Loeb wrote the "Economics of Information Security Investment". [1]
From the outset, researchers tended to identify two strands of historical research; the history of marketing practice [53] and the history of marketing thought which was fundamentally concerned with the rise of marketing education and dissecting the way that marketing was taught and studied. [6] [54] Early historical studies were primarily ...
Two explanations given for confusing market research with marketing research are the similarity of the terms and also that market research is a subset of marketing research. [7] [8] [9] Further confusion exists because of major companies with expertise and practices in both areas. [10]
The social market economic model, sometimes called Rhine capitalism, is based upon the idea of realizing the benefits of a free-market economy, especially economic performance and high supply of goods while avoiding disadvantages such as market failure, destructive competition, concentration of economic power and the socially harmful effects of ...
Retail signage and promotional signs appear to have developed independently in the East and the West. In antiquity, the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks were known to use signage for shop fronts as well as to announce public events such as market days. [12] China also exhibited a rich history of early retail signage systems. [13]
For example, in 1997 the École de guerre économique (School of economic warfare) was founded in Paris, France. It is the first European institution which teaches the tactics of economic warfare within a globalizing world. In Germany, competitive intelligence was unattended until the early 1990s. The term "competitive intelligence" first ...
In the history of economic thought, ancient economic thought refers to the ideas from people before the Middle Ages.. Economics in the classical age is defined in the modern analysis as a factor of ethics and politics, only becoming an object of study as a separate discipline during the 18th century.
Government subsidization of basic research has been suggested as a way to mitigate the problem. [2] The subject of "information economics" is treated under Journal of Economic Literature classification code JEL D8 – Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty. The present article reflects topics included in that code.