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Expatriate French voters queue in Lausanne, Switzerland, for the first round of the presidential election of 2007. An expatriate (often shortened to expat) is a person who resides outside their country of citizenship. [1] The term often refers to a professional, skilled worker, or student from an affluent country. [2]
Xenophobia in receiving nations is often rampant, as menial work is often allocated only to foreign workers. In host countries, expatriate labour is treated with prejudice despite government attempts to eradicate malpractice and exploitation of workers. Emigrants are offered substandard wages and living conditions and must work overtime without ...
They may also be called expatriates or guest workers, especially when they have been sent for or invited to work in the host country before leaving the home country. The International Labour Organization estimated in 2019 that there were 169 million international migrants worldwide. [2] Some countries have millions of migrant workers.
After the American Revolutionary War, some 3,000 Black Loyalists - slaves who escaped their Patriot masters and served on the Loyalist side because of the Crown's guarantee of freedom - were evacuated from New York to Nova Scotia; they were individually listed in the Book of Negroes as the British gave them certificates of freedom and arranged for their transportation. [2]
Historically, migrations affecting larger groups have either led to the development of ethnic minorities in the host countries (segregation, ghettoisation) if certain basic socio-cultural factors such as mother tongue, religious affiliation or customs and traditions have been retained; in this case, ethnographic and demographic differences can ...
The term became more widely assimilated into English by the mid 1950s, with long-term expatriates in significant numbers from other particular countries or regions also being referred to as a diaspora. [45] An academic field, diaspora studies, has become established relating to this sense of the word.
They are often referred to as "expatriates", and their conditions of employment are typically equal to or better than those applying in the host country (for similar work). [ citation needed ] Non-economic push factors include persecution (religious and otherwise), frequent abuse, bullying , oppression , ethnic cleansing , genocide , risks to ...
For instance, if an inpatriate (a kind of expatriate who is from a foreign country, but is transferred from a foreign subsidiary to the corporation's headquarters; Harvey, Novicevic and Speier, 1999) has large social networks in the host country, it will be positively related to firm-specific learning. [13]