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Expatriate French voters queue in Lausanne, Switzerland, for the first round of the presidential election of 2007. An expatriate (often shortened to expat) is a person who resides outside their country of citizenship. [1] The term often refers to a professional, skilled worker, or student from an affluent country. [2]
Xenophobia in receiving nations is often rampant, as menial work is often allocated only to foreign workers. In host countries, expatriate labour is treated with prejudice despite government attempts to eradicate malpractice and exploitation of workers. Emigrants are offered substandard wages and living conditions and must work overtime without ...
They may also be called expatriates or guest workers, especially when they have been sent for or invited to work in the host country before leaving the home country. The International Labour Organization estimated in 2019 that there were 169 million international migrants worldwide. [2] Some countries have millions of migrant workers.
The term became more widely assimilated into English by the mid 1950s, with long-term expatriates in significant numbers from other particular countries or regions also being referred to as a diaspora. [45] An academic field, diaspora studies, has become established relating to this sense of the word.
For instance, if an inpatriate (a kind of expatriate who is from a foreign country, but is transferred from a foreign subsidiary to the corporation's headquarters; Harvey, Novicevic and Speier, 1999) has large social networks in the host country, it will be positively related to firm-specific learning. [13]
Return migration refers to the individual or family decision of a migrant to leave a host country and to return permanently to the country of origin. Research topics include the return migration process, motivations for returning, the experiences returnees encounter, and the impacts of return migration on both the host and the home countries.
These are lists of countries by foreign-born population and lists of countries by number native-born persons living in a foreign country (emigrants).. According to the United Nations, in 2019, the United States, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Russia and France had the largest number of immigrants of any country, while Tuvalu, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, and Tokelau had the lowest.
Optimism, the idea that if they put in the work, they will achieve social mobility in the host nation, is also an important factor that motivates immigrant generations to work hard and succeed. [22] Most immigrant generations learn their mother tongue alongside the local national language(s) of their host country. As bilinguals, they have ...