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An example of an IDN homograph attack; the Latin letters "e" and "a" are replaced with the Cyrillic letters "е" and "а".The internationalized domain name (IDN) homograph attack (sometimes written as homoglyph attack) is a method used by malicious parties to deceive computer users about what remote system they are communicating with, by exploiting the fact that many different characters look ...
Example of Greek IDN with domain name in non-Latin alphabet: ουτοπία.δπθ.gr (Punycode is xn--kxae4bafwg.xn--pxaix.gr)An internationalized domain name (IDN) is an Internet domain name that contains at least one label displayed in software applications, in whole or in part, in non-Latin script or alphabet [a] or in the Latin alphabet-based characters with diacritics or ligatures.
&name; where name is the case-sensitive name of the entity. The semicolon is required. Because numbers are harder for humans to remember than names, character entity references are most often written by humans, while numeric character references are most often produced by computer programs. [1]
IDN homograph attack – Visually similar letters in domain names; Duplicate characters in Unicode – Unicode characters that have been encoded twice; Vehicle registration plates of Bosnia and Herzegovina use only numbers and letters that look the same in the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.
Punycode is a representation of Unicode with the limited ASCII character subset used for Internet hostnames.Using Punycode, host names containing Unicode characters are transcoded to a subset of ASCII consisting of letters, digits, and hyphens, which is called the letter–digit–hyphen (LDH) subset.
Punycode, another encoding form, enables the encoding of Unicode strings into the limited character set supported by the ASCII-based Domain Name System (DNS). The encoding is used as part of IDNA, which is a system enabling the use of Internationalized Domain Names in all scripts that are supported by
Next to this name, a character can have one or more formal (normative) alias names. Such an alias name also follows the rules of a name: characters used (A-Z, -, 0-9, <space>) and not used (a-z, %, $, etc.). Alias names are also unique in the full name set (that is, all names and alias names are all unique in their combined set).
To use Unicode in the domain part of email addresses, IDNA encoding must traditionally be used. Alternatively, SMTPUTF8 [3] allows the use of UTF-8 encoding in email addresses (both in a local part and in domain name) as well as in a mail header section. Various standards had been created to retrofit the handling of non-ASCII data to the ...