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The secondary messenger may then activate a "secondary effector" whose effects depend on the particular secondary messenger system. [citation needed] Calcium ions are one type of second messengers and are responsible for many important physiological functions including muscle contraction, fertilization, and
Cyclic di-GMP (also called cyclic diguanylate and c-di-GMP) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in a wide variety of bacteria. [1] Cyclic di-GMP is not known to be used by archaea, and has only been observed in eukaryotes in Dictyostelium. [2]
The las system regulates the lasB gene that encodes the lasB elastase enzyme. The lasB elastase enzyme is a secreted protease that functions in causing tissue damage to the host. This exo-protease is able to degrade various plasma proteins such as immunoglobulins, coagulation complement factors, and alpha-proteinase inhibitors. [5]
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Cyclic di-AMP (also called c-di-AMP and c-di-adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in bacteria and archaea. [1] [2] [3] It is present in many Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative species, and archaea of the phylum Euryarchaeota.
A bacteriophage that infects C. difficile is predicted to carry a cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitch, which it might use to detect and exploit the physiological state of bacteria that it infects. The discovery of this riboswitch class answers the question of how genes are regulated in response to cyclic di-GMP levels in many different bacteria.
cAMP represented in three ways Adenosine triphosphate. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger, or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms ...
Cyclic dinucleotides-second-messenger signaling molecules produced by diverse bacterial species were detected in the cytosol of mammalian cells during intracellular pathogen infection; this leads to activation of TBK1-IRF3 and the downstream production of type I interferon.