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Friedman, Victor A. (1978), "The Zaporozhian Letter to the Turkish Sultan: Historical Commentary and Linguistic Analysis" (PDF), Slavica Hierosolymitana, 2, Magnes Press: 25– 38. A detailed analysis of the letter and its different variants. History of the painting (in Russian) Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks.
1683 Polish version of the Cossack letter to the sultan, found in 2019 [11] [12]. U.S.-based Slavic and Eastern European historian Daniel C. Waugh (1978) observed: . The correspondence of the sultan with the Chyhyryn Cossacks had undergone a textual transformation sometime in the eighteenth century whereby the Chyhyryntsy became the Zaporozhians and the controlled satire of the reply was ...
Turkish-Tatar army launched their campaign into the Sich once the rivers froze, at night to avoid getting detected. However, they were noticed by a Cossack named Shevchuk or Chefchika, who alerted his comrades, and made the presence of intruders in the Sich known to the other 150–350 Cossacks, which allowed them to react on time and equip their guns.
Cossacks were leaving Crimea with loot and captives, reaching Perekop. However, Khan Adil Giray reorganized with his Tatar army and entered into battle with Sirko's Cossack army. Tatar army suffered a crushing defeat, and Khan was again forced to flee. [8] Cossacks killed over 3,000 Tatar troops and captured over 500 during the campaign. [3]
4,000 Zaporozhian Cossacks and 3,000 Don Cossacks unexpectedly met each other as they were moving through Crimean and Nogai steppes. [4] [7] Zaporozhian leader Pavlo Pavliuk and Don leader Mikhail Tatarinov decided to change their respective plans, instead planning a joint campaign on the Ottoman fortress of Azov.
The Zaporozhian Cossacks had various social and ethnic origins but were predominantly made up of escaped serfs who preferred the dangerous freedom of the wild steppes, rather than life under the rule of Polish aristocrats. However, townspeople, lesser noblemen and even Crimean Tatars also became part of the Cossack host.
Original - Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of the Ottoman Empire is a painting by Ilya Yefimovich Repin.Created over 11 years, from 1880 to 1891, it shows a scene set in 1676, based on a legendary reply that the Cossacks sent the Sultan of Ottoman Empire in response to their demand that the Cossacks submit to Turkish rule.
Such plans of Catherine II did not provide for the existence of the Cossack state of the Cossack Hetmanate, or the Cossack liberties, or the Zaporozhian Sich. [1] The term sich is a noun related to the Eastern Slavic verb sich' ( сѣчь ), meaning "to chop" or "cut"; it may have been associated with the usual wood sharp-spiked stockades ...