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Glomerulonephrosis is a non-inflammatory disease of the kidney presenting primarily in the glomerulus (a glomerulopathy) as nephrotic syndrome. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and it contains the glomerulus, which acts as a filter for blood to retain proteins and blood lipids.
This deposition damages the kidney, leading to renal insufficiency. The damage to the kidney may also prevent protein re-absorption by the kidney; instead of being reabsorbed, the proteins enter the urine. It can also lead to the other symptoms of nephrotic syndrome such as swelling and low serum albumin.
Membranous glomerulonephritis, the most common cause for nephrotic syndrome in adults, peaks in people ages 40–60 years old and it is twice as likely to occur in men than in women. Since nephrotic syndrome is the most common cause of RVT, people over 40 years old and men are most at risk to develop a renal vein thrombosis. [3]
A meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials comparing treatments of membranous nephropathy showed that regimes comprising chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide, either alone or with steroids, were more effective than symptomatic treatment or treatment with steroids alone in inducing remission of the nephrotic syndrome. [citation needed]
Nephrotic syndrome edema initially appears in parts of the lower body (such as the legs) and in the eyelids. In the advanced stages it also extends to the pleural cavity and peritoneum (ascites) and can even develop into a generalized anasarca. Hyperlipidaemia in nephrotic syndrome is typically caused by two mechanisms. [12]
Presentation of nephrotic syndrome in the context of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis have been treated with immunosuppressants, such as steroids and cyclophosphamide. [2] Presentation with nephrotic syndrome can resolve with treatment, but can also progress. [ 10 ]
Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication.It is taken orally or intravenously for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, nephrotic syndrome, eczema, and in organ transplants to prevent rejection.
Edema - Volume overload associated with liver cirrhosis, heart failure, or nephrotic syndrome [11] Cerebral edema - intravenous furosemide can be combined with mannitol to initiate rapid diuresis. However, the optimum duration of such treatment remains unknown.