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The Chinese word xian is translatable into English as: (in Daoist philosophy and cosmology) spiritually immortal; transcendent human; celestial being (in Daoist religion and pantheon) physically immortal; immortal person; an immortal; saint, [2] one who is aligned with Heaven's mandate and does not suffer earthly desires or attachments. [18]
The two different categories of requirements for immortality include internal alchemy [11] and external alchemy. [12] External alchemy is mastering special breathing techniques, sexual, yoga, attempting to produce an elixir of immortality by consuming purified metals and complex compounds, and developing medical skills. In Taoism, one’s soul ...
Development of the immortal embryo in the lower dantian of the Daoist cultivator. Neidan, or internal alchemy (traditional Chinese: 內丹術; simplified Chinese: 內丹术; pinyin: nèidān shù), is an array of esoteric doctrines and physical, mental, and spiritual practices that Taoist initiates use to prolong life and create an immortal spiritual body that would survive after death. [1]
Within the context of traditional Chinese philosophy and religion, Dao is a metaphysical concept originating with Laozi that gave rise to a religion (in Wade–Giles: Tao Chiao; in Pinyin: Daojiao) and philosophy (in Wade–Giles: Tao chia; in Pinyin: Daojia) referred to in English with the single term Daoism (aka Taoism).
The Chinese idea of the universal God is expressed in different ways. There are many names of God from the different sources of Chinese tradition. [17] The radical Chinese terms for the universal God are Tian (天) and Shangdi (上帝, "Highest Deity") or simply, Dì (帝, "Deity"). [18] [19] There is also the concept of Tàidì (太帝, "Great ...
Hun and po are types of souls in Chinese philosophy and traditional religion.Within this ancient soul dualism tradition, every living human has both a hun spiritual, ethereal, yang soul which leaves the body after death, and also a po corporeal, substantive, yin soul which remains with the corpse of the deceased.
The Daoist Shangqing School patriarch Sima Chengzhen (司馬承禎, 647–735) composed the 730 Fuqi jingyi lun (服氣精義論, "Essay on the Essential Meaning of Breath Ingestion"), which presented integrated outlines of health practices, with both traditional Chinese physical techniques and the Buddhist-inspired practice of guan (觀 ...
Chinese philosophy never developed the concept of human rights, so that classical Chinese lacked words for them. In 1864, W.A.P. Martin had to invent the word quanli ( Chinese : 權利 ) to translate the Western concept of "rights" in the process of translating Henry Wheaton 's Elements of International Law into classical Chinese.