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The felicific calculus is an algorithm formulated by utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) for calculating the degree or amount of pleasure that a specific action is likely to induce. Bentham, an ethical hedonist , believed the moral rightness or wrongness of an action to be a function of the amount of pleasure or pain that it ...
American mathematician William Thurston. Thurston's 24 questions are a set of mathematical problems in differential geometry posed by American mathematician William Thurston in his influential 1982 paper Three-dimensional manifolds, Kleinian groups and hyperbolic geometry published in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. [1]
Bentham's "hedonistic" theory (a term from J. J. C. Smart) is often criticised for lacking a principle of fairness embodied in a conception of justice. In Bentham and the Common Law Tradition , Gerald J. Postema states: "No moral concept suffers more at Bentham's hand than the concept of justice.
The Introduction also contains Bentham's famous discussion of the "felicific (or hedonic) calculus"—his proposed method for determining which future course of action would produce the greatest net amount of pleasure over pain. According to Bentham, seven factors should be considered in weighing the value of a pleasure or pain: its intensity ...
Bentham's utilitarianism is a hedonistic theory and starts with the premise that people are in their very nature hedonistic. This means that he believed people would actively seek out pleasure and avoid pain, if given the opportunity. Critics sometimes cite such prohibitions on leisure activities as a problem for act utilitarianism.
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
In college mathematics exercises often depend on functions of a real variable or application of theorems. The standard exercises of calculus involve finding derivatives and integrals of specified functions. Usually instructors prepare students with worked examples: the exercise is stated, then a model answer is provided. Often several worked ...
For functions in certain classes, the problem of determining: whether two functions are equal, known as the zero-equivalence problem (see Richardson's theorem); [4] the zeroes of a function; whether the indefinite integral of a function is also in the class. [5] Of course, some subclasses of these problems are decidable.
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