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Petroleum geology is the study of the origins, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels. It refers to the specific set of geological disciplines that are applied to the search for hydrocarbons ( oil exploration ).
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Petroleum geochemistry is a branch of geochemistry (the application of chemical concepts to understand geological systems) which deals specifically with petroleum and its origin, generation, and accumulation, as well as its extraction, refinement, and use.
Petroleum [a] is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons, [1] and is found in geological formations. The term petroleum refers both to naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil, as well as to petroleum products that consist of refined crude oil.
A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology.Geologists are also known as earth scientists or geoscientists.. The following is a list of notable geologists. Many have received such awards as the Penrose Medal or the Wollaston Medal, or have been inducted into the National Academy of Sciences or the Royal Society.
In commercial grades of oil shale the ratio of organic matter to mineral matter lies approximately between 0.75:5 and 1.5:5. At the same time, the organic matter in oil shale has an atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) approximately 1.2 to 1.8 times lower than for crude oil and about 1.5 to 3 times higher than for coals.
Petroleum migrating through a porous stratum is trapped where the stratum pinches out between impermeable underlying and overlying strata. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] As of 2019 [update] , at least 20 oil fields containing reserves of 6-7 billion barrels of petroleum are thought to be a result of pinch-out of turbidite beds.
[3]: 26 Daqing oil field contained 16 billion barrels (2.5 × 10 ^ 9 m 3) or 2.2 billion tons in the beginning and has produced over 10 billion barrels (1.6 × 10 ^ 9 m 3) of oil since production started in 1960; the remaining recoverable reserves are about 3.6 billion barrels (570 × 10 ^ 6 m 3) or 500 million tons.