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Godna, also known as Khoda, is an ancient traditional form of tattoo art originating from the tribal communities of Northern and Central India. [1] [2] These tattoos are characterized by intricate designs and vivid colors, often depicting elements of nature, mythology, and daily life.
The tattoos could represent pride in being a woman, beauty, and protection. [4] They were associated with rites of passage for women and could indicate marital status. The motifs and shapes varied from island to island. Among some peoples it was believed that women who lacked hajichi would risk suffering in the afterlife. [5]
Tattoos are known as batok (or batuk) or patik among the Visayan people; batik, buri, or tatak among the Tagalog people; buri among the Pangasinan, Kapampangan, and Bicolano people; batek, butak, or burik among the Ilocano people; batek, batok, batak, fatek, whatok (also spelled fatok), or buri among the various Cordilleran peoples; [2] [3] [11] and pangotoeb (also spelled pa-ngo-túb ...
Traditionally girls of the Hän Gwich’in receive their first tattoos between the ages of 12 and 14, often at first menstruation, as a passage ritual. [1] [3] [2] European and British missionaries of the 1800s and 1900s banned the traditional practice, along with other cultural traditions. [3] [2] [4]
The place for the tattoo is then cleaned by this leek juice mixture, a design is drawn by piercing and the combined mixture is then put on the skin. [3] Jacques de Morgan also observed the tattooing of Kurdish women in 1895, and mentioned that old women had most tattoos and were sometimes tattooed all over the body. When men were tattooed, it ...
Women continued receiving moko through the early 20th century, [12] and the historian Michael King in the early 1970s interviewed over 70 elderly women who would have been given the moko before the 1907 Tohunga Suppression Act. [13] [14] Women's tattoos on lips and chin are commonly called pūkauae or moko kauae. [15] [16]
In Oyo State, for example, the prohibition of tribal marks is an integral part of the state Child Rights Law, a law that imposes a fine or one-month imprisonment or both for violation. [20] According to the law, "No person shall tattoo or make a skin mark or cause any tattoo/skin mark to be made on a child". [21]
Men are slightly more likely to have a tattoo than women. Since the 1970s, tattoos have become a mainstream part of Western fashion, common both for men and women, and among all economic classes [82] and to age groups from the later teen years to middle age. For many young Americans, the tattoo has taken on a decidedly different meaning than ...