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Charles Carpenter Fries (November 29, 1887 – December 8, 1967) was an American linguist and language teacher. Fries is considered the creator of the Aural-Oral method [1] (also erroneously called the Audio-Lingual method [2]). He believed, along with Robert Lado, that language teaching and learning should be approached in a scientific way. [3]
Kenneth Lee Pike (June 9, 1912 – December 31, 2000) was an American linguist and anthropologist.He was the originator of the theory of tagmemics, the coiner of the terms "emic" and "etic" and the developer of the constructed language Kalaba-X for use in teaching the theory and practice of translation.
Goodman's concept of written language development views it as parallel to oral language development. Goodman's theory was a basis for the whole language movement, which was further developed by Yetta Goodman, Regie Routman, Frank Smith and others.
A number of studies report significant incidental vocabulary gain in extensive reading in a foreign language. [8] Advocates claim it can enhance skill in speaking as well as in reading. Day and Bamford gave a number of traits common or basic to the extensive reading approach. [9] Students read as much as possible.
From the New Century Cyclopedia of Names he further produced The New Century Handbook of English Literature published in 1956. [3] In the 1950s and 1960s, he also developed the linguistic approach to reading instruction begun by Leonard Bloomfield, entitled Let's Read which was published in 1961. [4]
Fritz Rudolf Fries was born in Bilbao, Spain. His mother was a German of Spanish descent , and his father a German businessman who was shot during the Second World War by Italian partisans . In 1942 the family moved to Leipzig , a city which was heavily bombarded at the end of the war.
The approach is characterized by two key aspects of literacy – linguistic diversity and multimodal forms of linguistic expressions and representation. It was coined in response to two major changes in the globalized environment. One such change was the growing linguistic and cultural diversity due to increased transnational migration. [2]
The term 'functionalism' or 'functional linguistics' became controversial in the 1980s with the rise of a new wave of evolutionary linguistics. Johanna Nichols argued that the meaning of 'functionalism' had changed, and the terms formalism and functionalism should be taken as referring to generative grammar, and the emergent linguistics of Paul Hopper and Sandra Thompson, respectively; and ...