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It may be produced from barium chlorate through its reaction with sulfuric acid, which results in a solution of chloric acid and insoluble barium sulfate precipitate: [2] Ba(ClO 3) 2 + H 2 SO 4 → 2 HClO 3 + BaSO 4. The chlorate must be dissolved in boiling water and the acid should be somewhat diluted in water and heated before mixing.
Hypochlorous acid was discovered in 1834 by the French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard (1802–1876) by adding, to a flask of chlorine gas, a dilute suspension of mercury(II) oxide in water. [10] He also named the acid and its compounds. [11] Despite being relatively easy to make, it is difficult to maintain a stable hypochlorous acid solution.
Chlorine can be manufactured by the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution , which is known as the Chloralkali process. The production of chlorine results in the co-products caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) and hydrogen gas (H 2). These two products, as well as chlorine itself, are highly reactive.
The hydrolysis of chlorine is considered to be fast. The formation of H + ions should make the boundary layer at the anode strongly acidic and this is observed at low chloride concentrations. However, large concentrations of chloride, as they occur in industrial chlorate cells, shift the hydrolysis equilibrium to the left.
If the solution near the anode is acidic then it will contain elemental chlorine, if it is alkaline then it will comprise sodium hydroxide. The key to delivering a powerful sanitising agent is to form hypochlorous acid without elemental chlorine - this occurs at around neutral pH. Hypochlorous is a weak acid and an oxidizing agent. [3]
At the anode (A), chloride (Cl −) is oxidized to chlorine. The ion-selective membrane (B) allows the counterion Na+ to freely flow across, but prevents anions such as hydroxide (OH −) and chloride from diffusing across. At the cathode (C), water is reduced to hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The net process is the electrolysis of an aqueous ...
For example, a solution of table salt, also known as sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na + (aq) + Cl − (aq). The word aqueous (which comes from aqua) means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in, water. [1] [2] As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is a ubiquitous solvent ...
Salt water chlorination is a process that uses dissolved salt (1000–4000 ppm or 1–4 g/L) for the chlorination of swimming pools and hot tubs.The chlorine generator (also known as salt cell, salt generator, salt chlorinator, or SWG) uses electrolysis in the presence of dissolved salt to produce chlorine gas or its dissolved forms, hypochlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite, which are already ...