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2. Fractional model - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_model

   In applied statistics, fractional models are, to some extent, related to binary response models. However, instead of estimating the probability of being in one bin of a dichotomous variable , the fractional model typically deals with variables that take on all possible values in the unit interval .

3. Mathematical model - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model

   Mathematical models are used in applied mathematics and in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, chemistry) and engineering disciplines (such as computer science, electrical engineering), as well as in non-physical systems such as the social sciences [1] (such as economics, psychology, sociology, political science). It ...

4. Millennium Prize Problems - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Prize_Problems

   The real part of every nontrivial zero of the Riemann zeta function is 1/2. The Riemann hypothesis is that all nontrivial zeros of the analytical continuation of the Riemann zeta function have a real part of ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠. A proof or disproof of this would have far-reaching implications in number theory, especially for the distribution of prime ...

5. 1/3 - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1/3

   1 ⁄ 3, a fraction of one third, or 0. 3 in decimal. pre-decimal British sterling currency of 1 shilling and 3 pence; 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, United States infantry battalion; One/Three, a 20; Loona 1/3, a Loona spin-off

6. Elementary mathematics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_mathematics

   Elementary mathematics, also known as primary or secondary school mathematics, is the study of mathematics topics that are commonly taught at the primary or secondary school levels around the world. It includes a wide range of mathematical concepts and skills, including number sense , algebra , geometry , measurement , and data analysis .

7. Mathematical structure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_structure

   In mathematics, a structure on a set (or on some sets) refers to providing it (or them) with certain additional features (e.g. an operation, relation, metric, or topology). Τhe additional features are attached or related to the set (or to the sets), so as to provide it (or them) with some additional meaning or significance.

8. Structure (mathematical logic) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_(mathematical_logic)

   These structures are sometimes called class models to distinguish them from the "set models" discussed above. When the domain is a proper class, each function and relation symbol may also be represented by a proper class. In Bertrand Russell's Principia Mathematica, structures were also allowed to have a proper class as their domain.

9. Fundamental unit (number theory) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_unit_(number...

   This equation is known to have a solution if, and only if, the period of the continued fraction expansion of is odd. A simpler relation can be obtained using congruences: if Δ is divisible by a prime that is congruent to 3 modulo 4, then K does not have a unit of norm −1.