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In epidemiology, a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) is any method used to reduce the spread of an epidemic disease without requiring pharmaceutical drug treatments. Examples of non-pharmaceutical interventions that reduce the spread of infectious diseases include wearing a face mask and staying away from sick people .
Economic epidemiology is a field at the intersection of epidemiology and economics.Its premise is to incorporate incentives for healthy behavior and their attendant behavioral responses into an epidemiological context to better understand how diseases are transmitted.
Policy for population health "sets priorities" [2] and are a "guide to action to change what would otherwise occur". [2] Policies are based on "social sciences of sociology, economics, demography, public health, anthropology, and epidemiology" [4] and determine how outcomes can be accomplished are implemented at various levels.
Epidemiological studies can only go to prove that an agent could have caused, but not that it did cause, an effect in any particular case: Epidemiology is concerned with the incidence of disease in populations and does not address the question of the cause of an individual's disease. This question, sometimes referred to as specific causation ...
A quasi-experiment is an empirical study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention. Quasi-experiments shares similarities with experiments or randomized controlled trials, but specifically lack random assignment to treatment or control. Instead, quasi-experimental designs typically allow assignment to treatment condition to proceed ...
Map out the causal chain (program theory) which explains how the intervention is expected to lead to the intended outcomes, and collect data to test the underlying assumptions of the causal links. Understand context, including the social, political and economic setting of the intervention.
ITT analysis is intended to avoid various misleading artifacts that can arise in intervention research such as non-random attrition of participants from the study or crossover. ITT is also simpler than other forms of study design and analysis, because it does not require observation of compliance status for units assigned to different ...
A public health intervention is any effort or policy that attempts to improve mental and physical health on a population level.Public health interventions may be run by a variety of organizations, including governmental health departments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).