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Traditional animation (or classical animation, cel animation, or hand-drawn animation) is an animation technique in which each frame is drawn by hand. The technique was the dominant form of animation of the 20th century, until there was a shift to computer animation in the industry, such as digital ink and paint and 3D computer animation .
A cel, short for celluloid, is a transparent sheet on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional, hand-drawn animation.Actual celluloid (consisting of cellulose nitrate and camphor) was used during the first half of the 20th century.
The term "cel-shading" is popularly used to refer to the application of this "ink" outlining process in animation and games, although originally the term referred to the flat shading technique regardless of whether the outline was applied. [3] The Utah teapot rendered using cel shading: The back faces are drawn with thick lines
Graphic animation; Pixilation; Computer animation. Categorization by dimensionality of characters: 2D animation; 3D animation; Categorization by speed of rendering and capabilities: Pre-rendered animation: Motion is developed in the software. There is a delay for the software to render the animation before it can be viewed.
Direct manipulation is a simplified variation of graphic animation which involves the frame-by-frame altering (erasing or adding to) a single drawing or graphic image, while taking a frame of film or video as each small change is made, as close as the stop motion process gets to simply animating a series of drawings, but without actually ...
Hand-drawn animation, which mostly consisted of a succession of still images painted on cels, was the dominant technique of the 20th century and became known as traditional animation. Today, computer animation is the dominant animation technique in most regions ( hand-drawn animation continues to be very popular outside of the US; for example ...
A normal shader (left) and an NPR shader using cel-shading (right). Non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) is an area of computer graphics that focuses on enabling a wide variety of expressive styles for digital art, in contrast to traditional computer graphics, which focuses on photorealism.
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