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The first research doctorate was the doctor of philosophy, which came to the U.S. from Germany, and is frequently referred to by its initials of Ph.D. As academia evolved in the country a wide variety of other types of doctoral degrees and programs were developed.
Doctoral degrees occupy the highest of these levels: level ten. [75]: 63 All doctoral degrees involve research and this is a defining characteristic of them. [75]: 63 There are three categories of doctoral degrees recognized by the AQF: research doctorates, professional doctorates and higher doctorates. [75]: 63–64
These are fields of research-oriented doctoral studies, leading mostly to Ph.D.s – in the academic year 2014–15, 98% of the 55,006 research doctorates awarded in the U.S. were Ph.D.s; 1.1% were Ed.D.s; 0.9% were other research doctorates. [2]
An academic doctorate such as the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is a terminal degree for expanding human knowledge through research and dissertation defense. A professional doctorate is a terminal degree for licensure in an occupation, such as the Doctor of Medicine (MD), Juris Doctor (JD), and Doctor of Engineering (EngD). [6]
Usually serves as additional qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market (and maybe later a doctorate), or for those who want to pursue a doctorate. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a master's degree (stricto sensu), meaning that a lato sensu degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program.
Well-qualified bachelor's graduates can also enrol directly into PhD programs after a procedure to determine their aptitude is administered by the admitting university. [73] The doctoral degree—such as Dr. rer. nat., Dr. phil. and others—is the highest academic degree in Germany and is generally a research degree.
Doctor of theology (Theologiae doctor – Th.D.) – doctoral study in theology; Doctor of sciences (Doctor scientiarum – DrSc. (no longer used in the Czech Republic); prerequisite: a Ph.D.-level degree) These degrees are written after the name. Doctoral degrees gained after post-graduate study are popularly called great doctorate (velký ...
In Hungary, "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc) is a higher doctorate degree and it is awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In Finland, most doctoral degrees awarded in the fields of natural sciences, technology and economics are termed DSc degrees in English, with a suffix indicating the field of study.