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Reflexology, also known as zone therapy, is an alternative medical practice involving the application of pressure to specific points on the feet, ears, and hands. This is done using thumb, finger, and hand massage techniques without the use of oil or lotion.
Bowers with William H. Fitzgerald had invented "Zone therapy", a form of reflexology. In 1917, they collaborated on a book titled Zone Therapy. [1] It has been widely criticized as there is no evidence it is beneficial for any medical condition and has been dismissed as quackery.
[2] Although some medical studies have suggested that acupressure may be effective at helping manage nausea and vomiting, insomnia, low back pain, migraines, and constipation, among other things, such studies have been found to have a high likelihood of bias. [3] There is no reliable evidence for the effectiveness of acupressure.
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[2] According to their guidelines on allergy diagnostic testing, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology stated there is "no evidence of diagnostic validity" of applied kinesiology. [3] Another study indicated that the use of applied kinesiology to evaluate nutrient status is "no more useful than random guessing."
The word comes from the French massage 'friction of kneading', [12] which, in turn, comes either from the Arabic word مَسَّ massa meaning 'to touch, feel', [13] the Portuguese amassar 'knead', from the Latin massa meaning 'mass, dough', [14] or the Greek verb μάσσω (massō) 'to handle, touch, to work with the hands, to knead dough'.
The Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing, [g] which was published in the mid-3rd century, became the oldest acupuncture book that is still in existence in the modern era. [28] Other books like the Yu Gui Zhen Jing , [ h ] written by the Director of Medical Services for China, were also influential during this period, but were not preserved. [ 28 ]
In social theory, reflexivity may occur when theories in a discipline should apply equally to the discipline itself; for example, in the case that the theories of knowledge construction in the field of sociology of scientific knowledge should apply equally to knowledge construction by sociology of scientific knowledge practitioners, or when the subject matter of a discipline should apply ...