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The symptoms include poor balance and difficulty walking. Chronic cough and difficulty swallowing may also be present. Clinical findings include ataxia, sensory neuropathy, and absence of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. The syndrome was initially described in 2004. [1]
Because this syndrome appears during such a critical period of language acquisition in a child's life, speech production may be affected just as severely as language comprehension. [6] The onset of LKS is typically between 18 months and 13 years, the most predominant time of emergence being between 3 and 7 years.
Expressive language disorder is one of the "specific developmental disorders of speech and language" recognized by the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). As of the eleventh edition (ICD-11, current 1 January 2022), it is considered to be covered by the various categories of developmental language disorder ...
[2] [3] Sensory processing disorder has been characterized as the source of significant problems in organizing sensation coming from the body and the environment and is manifested by difficulties in the performance in one or more of the main areas of life: productivity, leisure and play [4] or activities of daily living.
Therefore, it may have been possible for an individual to have communication challenges but not meet the criteria of being "substantially below" criteria of the DSM IV-TR. The DSM diagnoses did not comprise a complete list of all communication disorders, for example, auditory processing disorder is not classified under the DSM or ICD-10. [8]
The most common types of dysprosody are associated with dysarthria and developmental coordination disorder, which affect motor processing in speech. Among the most studied types are: Flaccid dysarthria is characterized by little control over pitch and voice volume, reduced speech rate, and impaired voice quality
The DSM-5 and the ICD-10 are both used to make specific diagnostic decisions. Speech and language disorders commonly include communication issues, but also extend into various areas such as oral-motor function—sucking, swallowing, drinking, or eating. In some cases, a child's communication is delayed considerably behind his/her same-aged peers.
Speech changes mean that alternative communication may be needed, for example, communication aids or word charts. [ citation needed ] Early intervention of swallowing difficulties is particularly useful to allow for discussion around tube feeding further in the disease progression.