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The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e, which is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718 281 828 459. [1] The natural logarithm of x is generally written as ln x, log e x, or sometimes, if the base e is implicit, simply log x.
Napier relies on several insights to compute his table of logarithms. To achieve high accuracy he starts with a large base of 10,000,000. But he then gets additional precision by using decimal fractions in a notation that he invented, but now universally familiar, namely using a decimal point. He goes on to explain how his notation works with ...
The Chudnovsky algorithm is a fast method for calculating the digits of π, based on Ramanujan's π formulae.Published by the Chudnovsky brothers in 1988, [1] it was used to calculate π to a billion decimal places.
Ulugh Beg's meridian arc for precise astronomical measurements (15th c.). The exact sciences or quantitative sciences, sometimes called the exact mathematical sciences, [1] are those sciences "which admit of absolute precision in their results"; especially the mathematical sciences. [2]
CORDIC (coordinate rotation digital computer), Volder's algorithm, Digit-by-digit method, Circular CORDIC (Jack E. Volder), [1] [2] Linear CORDIC, Hyperbolic CORDIC (John Stephen Walther), [3] [4] and Generalized Hyperbolic CORDIC (GH CORDIC) (Yuanyong Luo et al.), [5] [6] is a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions, square roots ...
If p is a probability, then p/(1 − p) is the corresponding odds; the logit of the probability is the logarithm of the odds, i.e.: = = = = (). The base of the logarithm function used is of little importance in the present article, as long as it is greater than 1, but the natural logarithm with base e is the one most often used.
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Commonly used metrics include the notions of precision and recall. In this context, precision is defined as the fraction of documents correctly retrieved compared to the documents retrieved (true positives divided by true positives plus false positives), using a set of ground truth relevant results selected by humans. Recall is defined as the ...