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In statistical thermodynamics, the UNIFAC method (UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients) [1] is a semi-empirical system for the prediction of non-electrolyte activity in non-ideal mixtures. UNIFAC uses the functional groups present on the molecules that make up the liquid mixture to calculate activity coefficients .
Classical thermodynamics deals with states of dynamic equilibrium.The state of a system at thermodynamic equilibrium is the one for which some thermodynamic potential is minimized (in the absence of an applied voltage), [2] or for which the entropy (S) is maximized, for specified conditions.
As the absolute temperature of the system approaches zero, since both heat capacities must generally approach zero in accordance with the Third Law of Thermodynamics, the difference between C P,m and C V,m also approaches zero.
The basic thermodynamic potential is internal energy.In a simple fluid system, neglecting the effects of viscosity, the fundamental thermodynamic equation is written: = + where U is the internal energy, T is temperature, S is entropy, P is the hydrostatic pressure, V is the volume, is the chemical potential, and M mass.
[1] [2] [3] A more fundamental statement was later labelled as the zeroth law after the first three laws had been established. The zeroth law of thermodynamics defines thermal equilibrium and forms a basis for the definition of temperature: if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium ...
The Clausius theorem is a mathematical representation of the second law of thermodynamics.It was developed by Rudolf Clausius who intended to explain the relationship between the heat flow in a system and the entropy of the system and its surroundings.
A thermodynamic cycle consists of linked sequences of thermodynamic processes that involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial state. [1]
In thermodynamics, the thermodynamic free energy is one of the state functions of a thermodynamic system.The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden.