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Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of formula C 14 H 10, consisting of three fused benzene rings. It is a component of coal tar . Anthracene is used in the production of the red dye alizarin and other dyes, as a Scintillator to detect high energy particles, as production of pharmaceutical drugs.
Phenanthrene is used to make dyes, plastics, pesticides, explosives, and drugs. It has also been used to make bile acids, cholesterol and steroids. [3] Phenanthrene occurs naturally and also is a man-made chemical. Commonly, humans are exposed to phenanthrene through inhalation of cigarette smoke, but there are many routes of exposure.
As a result, while anthracene reacts with maleic acid, phenanthrene does not, and triphenylene is the most stable species of these three. [1] Three Clar structures with an increasing number of π-sextets: anthracene (on the left), phenanthrene (in the middle), and triphenylene (on the right).
When two drugs affect each other, it is a drug–drug interaction (DDI). The risk of a DDI increases with the number of drugs used. [1] A large share of elderly people regularly use five or more medications or supplements, with a significant risk of side-effects from drug–drug interactions. [2] Drug interactions can be of three kinds:
By definition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have multiple aromatic rings, precluding benzene from being considered a PAH. Some sources, such as the US EPA and CDC, consider naphthalene to be the simplest PAH. [9] Other authors consider PAHs to start with the tricyclic species phenanthrene and anthracene. [10]
Nudol is a phenanthrene from the orchids Eulophia nuda, Eria carinata and Eria stricta. [10] 9,10-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyphenanthrene-1,7-diol is a phenanthrene from Eulophia nuda. This compound shows cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells. [11] 2,7-Dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyphenanthrene is a phenanthrene from Dehaasia longipedicellata. [12]
Benz[a]anthracene or benzo[a]anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C 18 H 12. [2] It is produced during incomplete combustion of organic matter. Benz[ a ]anthracene is one of carcinogenic constituents of tobacco smoke .
Self-healing mechanism of host-guest interaction by a) using host-small guest molecule and b) host-polymer. Redrawn from [31] [32] A self-healing hydrogel constructed from modified cyclodextrin and adamantane . [31] [33] Another strategy is to use the interaction between the polymer backbone and host molecule (host molecule threading onto the ...