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In various SQL implementations, a hint is an addition to the SQL standard that instructs the database engine on how to execute the query. For example, a hint may tell the engine to use or not to use an index (even if the query optimizer would decide otherwise).
Some query tools can generate embedded hints in the query, for use by the optimizer. Some databases - like Oracle - provide a plan table for query tuning. This plan table will return the cost and time for executing a query. Oracle offers two optimization approaches: CBO or Cost Based Optimization; RBO or Rule Based Optimization; RBO is slowly ...
The query optimizer attempts to determine the most efficient way to execute a given query by considering the possible query plans. [1] Generally, the query optimizer cannot be accessed directly by users: once queries are submitted to the database server, and parsed by the parser, they are then passed to the query optimizer where optimization ...
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
Without an ORDER BY clause, the order of rows returned by an SQL query is undefined. The DISTINCT keyword [5] eliminates duplicate data. [6] The following example of a SELECT query returns a list of expensive books. The query retrieves all rows from the Book table in which the price column contains a value greater
Query rewriting is a typically automatic transformation that takes a set of database tables, views, and/or queries, usually indices, often gathered data and query statistics, and other metadata, and yields a set of different queries, which produce the same results but execute with better performance (for example, faster, or with lower memory use). [1]
Title Authors ----- ----- SQL Examples and Guide 4 The Joy of SQL 1 An Introduction to SQL 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 Under the precondition that isbn is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named title only exists in the Book table, one could re-write the query above in the following form:
The skyline operator is the subject of an optimization problem and computes the Pareto optimum on tuples with multiple dimensions.. This operator is an extension to SQL proposed by Börzsönyi et al. [1] to filter results from a database to keep only those objects that are not worse in multiple dimensions than any other.