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Katalin "Kati" Karikó (Hungarian: Karikó Katalin, pronounced [ˈkɒrikoː ˌkɒtɒlin]; born 17 January 1955) is a Hungarian-American [2] biochemist who specializes in ribonucleic acid ()-mediated mechanisms, particularly in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therapy. [3]
Drew Weissman (born September 7, 1959) is an American physician and immunologist known for his contributions to RNA biology. Weissman is the inaugural Roberts Family Professor in Vaccine Research, director of the Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, and professor of medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn).
Prior to studying medicine, Robert Malone studied computer science at Santa Barbara City College for two years, acting as a teaching assistant in 1981. [2] [8] He received his BS in biochemistry from the University of California, Davis in 1984, his MS in biology from the University of California, San Diego in 1988, and his MD from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in 1991.
Two pioneering scientists who created the technology behind life-saving Covid-19 vaccines have won the Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology.
Unusual names have caused issues for scientists explaining genetic diseases to lay-people, such as when an individual is affected by a gene with an offensive or insensitive name. [13] This has particularly been noted in patients with a defect in the sonic hedgehog gene pathway and the disease formerly named CATCH22 for "cardiac anomaly, T-cell ...
Entry of mRNA molecules, however, faces a number of difficulties. Not only are mRNA molecules too large to cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion, they are also negatively charged like the cell membrane, which causes a mutual electrostatic repulsion. Additionally, mRNA is easily degraded by RNAases in skin and blood. [55]
John Wikswo — research on biomagnetism and cardiac electrophysiology Don Craig Wiley — applied molecular biophysics to study of viruses [ 12 ] Maurice Wilkins (New Zealand-born British, 1916–2004) — pioneer of DNA crystallography and co-discoverer of the structure of DNA .
J. Michael Bailey, a psychologist is best known for his research on the etiology of sexual orientation Johnny Ball , broadcaster and math popularizer John D. Barrow , mathematician, theoretical physicist, and cosmologist; author of numerous journal articles, and books for general readers