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Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, fuel oil, biodiesel blends, [1] or coal. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe , flue gas stack , or propelling nozzle .
Emissions from diesel vehicles are more harmful than those from petrol vehicles. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Diesel combustion exhaust is a source of atmospheric soot and fine particles , which is a component of the air pollution implicated in human cancer, [ 43 ] [ 44 ] heart and lung damage, [ 45 ] and mental functioning. [ 46 ]
In Europe, the European Commission enforced that from 2015 all new cars registered shall not emit more than an average of 0.13 kg (0.29 lb) of CO 2 per kilometre (kg CO 2 /km). The target is that by 2021 the average emissions for all new cars is 0.095 kg (0.21 lb) of CO 2 per kilometre. [27]
The Tesla Model S electric car is a zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) declared 2013 World Green Car of the Year. [ 18 ] Apart from animal-powered and human-powered vehicles , battery electric vehicles (which include cars , aircraft and boats) also do not emit any of the above pollutants, nor any CO 2 gases during use.
As hydrogen combustion occurs in an atmosphere containing nitrogen and oxygen, however, it can produce oxides of nitrogen known as NO x. In this way, the combustion process is much like other high temperature combustion fuels, such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel or natural gas. Therefore, hydrogen combustion engines are not considered zero emission.
EPA's greenhouse gas score [28] reflects the amount of greenhouse gases a vehicle will produce over its lifetime, based on typical consumer usage. The scoring is from 0 to 10, where 10 represents the lowest amount of greenhouse gases. The Greenhouse gas score is determined from the vehicle's estimated fuel economy and its fuel type.
Vehicle emissions control is the study of reducing the emissions produced by motor vehicles, especially internal combustion engines. The primary emissions studied include hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and sulfur oxides.
A natural gas vehicle (NGV) utilizes compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an alternative fuel source. Distinguished from autogas vehicles fueled by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), NGVs rely on methane combustion, resulting in cleaner emissions due to the removal of contaminants from the natural gas source.