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Marcus was the founder of the Marcosian Gnostic sect in the 2nd century AD.He was a disciple of Valentinus, with whom his system mainly agreed.His doctrines are almost exclusively known through a long polemic (i. 13–21) in Adversus Haereses, in which Irenaeus gives an account of his teaching and his school.
The Marcosians were a Gnostic sect founded by Marcus in Lyon, France and active in southern Europe from the 2nd to the 4th century.. Women held special status in the marcosian communities; they were regarded as prophetesses and participated in administering the Eucharistic rites.
The Carpocratians were Gnostics, [1] believing in a dualism of evil matter and good spirit, and pursuing gnosis, the esoteric knowledge needed for salvation. [2] As others of the belief system, they believed all beings in the world strove towards Monas, the Supreme Principle or Primal Being, [3] whom Carpocratians called the Father of All, or the One Beginning. [4]
The doctrine, practices and beliefs of Valentinus and the Gnostic movement that bore his name were condemned as heretical by proto-orthodox Christian leaders and scholars. Prominent Church Fathers such as Irenaeus of Lyons and Hippolytus of Rome wrote against Gnosticism. Because early church leaders encouraged the destruction of Gnostic texts ...
It created a religion, "Gnosticism", from the "gnosis" which was a widespread element of ancient religions, [note 31] suggesting a homogeneous conception of gnosis by these Gnostic religions, which did not exist at the time. [240]
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Marcus, a native of Memphis in Egypt, came to Spain and taught Gnostic theories. Two of his followers, a Spanish woman named Agape and the rhetorician Helpidius, converted Priscillian, [1] who was a layman "of noble birth, of great riches, bold, restless, eloquent, learned through much reading, very ready at debate and discussion". [2]
Gnosticism used a number of religious texts that are preserved, in part or whole, in ancient manuscripts, or lost but mentioned critically in Patristic writings. There is significant scholarly debate around what Gnosticism is, and therefore what qualifies as a "Gnostic text."