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A three-dimensional model of a figure-eight knot.The figure-eight knot is a prime knot and has an Alexander–Briggs notation of 4 1.. Topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling ...
In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, the mapping cylinder [1] of a continuous function between topological spaces and is the quotient = (([,])) / where the denotes the disjoint union, and ~ is the equivalence relation generated by
In mathematics, geometry and topology is an umbrella term for the historically distinct disciplines of geometry and topology, as general frameworks allow both disciplines to be manipulated uniformly, most visibly in local to global theorems in Riemannian geometry, and results like the Gauss–Bonnet theorem and Chern–Weil theory.
Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the landforms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief , but also natural ...
This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic ...
In mathematics, a topos (US: / ˈ t ɒ p ɒ s /, UK: / ˈ t oʊ p oʊ s, ˈ t oʊ p ɒ s /; plural topoi / ˈ t ɒ p ɔɪ / or / ˈ t oʊ p ɔɪ /, or toposes) is a category that behaves like the category of sheaves of sets on a topological space (or more generally: on a site).
Topographic isolation and prominence A - Nearest higher neighbour . The topographic isolation of a summit is the minimum distance to a point of equal elevation, representing a radius of dominance in which the peak is the highest point.
In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods.