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Hatchett design flap: Cutaneous: Advancement: Forehead excisions/defects Inferior gluteal artery perforator (IGAP) flap [4] Cutaneous: Free flap: Free flap breast reconstruction: Karapandzic flap: Cutaneous: Rotation: Full-thickness lip defects Latissimus flap: Musculocutaneous: Interpolation: Breast reconstruction: McGregor flap: Cutaneous ...
The surgeon can perform the simplest technique by making a horizontal incision and closing along the longitudinal axis. However, the methods that give patients higher satisfaction are the single or double Z-plasty or V-Y advancement flap because they also can increase the penile length. [15]
The aesthetic ideal of a mouth with youthful lips—shaped like a lozenge—features an upper lip with a pronounced Cupid's bow, and much fullness to each lip; however, such an ideal physiognomy declines with age, and the lips shrink and lose anatomic definition, as the lips sag, which affects the aesthetics of the smile, by revealing less of the teeth during a relaxed smile.
This flap borrows tissue from the cheek and lip of the uninvolved side of lip with the defect. It restores lip continuity in a one-stage procedure, but has some disadvantages, including an adverse effect on sensation, small size of mouth, and difficulty matching up the vermilion border of the central lip with the lateral lip. [5]
The length and angle of each flap are usually the same to avoid mismatched flaps that may be difficult to close. Some possible complications of Z-plasty include flap necrosis, haematoma (blood clot) formation under the flaps, wound infection, trapdoor effect and sloughing (necrosis) of the flap caused by wound tension and inadequate blood supply.
Flaps can be classified by the content of the tissue within them. Cutaneous flaps contain the full thickness of the skin, fat, and superficial fascia and are used to fill small defects. These are typically supplied by a random blood supply. Examples include Z-plasty, deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps, and V-Y advancement flaps. [2]
Otoplasty (surgery of the ear) was developed in ancient India and is described in the medical compendium, the Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta's Compendium, c. 500 AD).The book discussed otoplastic and other plastic surgery techniques and procedures for correcting, repairing and reconstructing ears, noses, lips, and genitalia that were amputated as criminal, religious, and military punishments.
The advantages of this flap is that there is no need to skin graft the donor site and scars are placed at the natural skin folds. This flap is used for posterior and moderate-sized anterior cheek defects. Lower eyelid ectropion should be prevented, by minimizing tension and by overcorrection and suspension of the cheek flap to the lateral ...