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In 1912, the Gramophone Company set 78 rpm as their recording standard, based on the average of recordings they had been releasing at the time, and started selling players whose governors had a nominal speed of 78 rpm. [23] By 1925, 78 rpm was becoming standardized across the industry.
The most common rotational speeds for gramophone records are 33 + 1 ⁄ 3 revolutions per minute (rpm), 45 rpm, and 78 rpm. Established as the only common rotational speed prior to the 1940s, the 78 became increasingly less common throughout the 1950s and into more modern decades as the 33 and the 45 became established as the new standards for ...
Victor began selling some home-use vinyl 78s in late 1945; but most 78s were made of a shellac compound until the 78-rpm format was completely phased out. (Shellac records were heavier and more brittle.) 33s and 45s were, however, made exclusively of vinyl, with the exception of some 45s manufactured out of polystyrene. [56]
Record restoration, a particular kind of audio restoration, is the process of converting the analog signal stored on gramophone records (either 78 rpm shellac, or 45 and 33⅓ rpm vinyl) into digital audio files that can then be edited with computer software and eventually stored on a hard-drive, recorded to digital tape, or burned to a CD or DVD.
Libraries and archives around the world have collections of many thousands of coarse-groove mechanical audio recordings, phonograph or gramophone records, largely 78s or 78 revolutions per minute (rpm) discs. This is a substantial recorded heritage of mankind's music and spoken word made over a period of 65 years.
The records were lateral needle-cut of the usual kind, starting at the outer edge, and playing at speeds at or near 78 rpm. Fonotipia's output was issued in various record sizes. The original series of one thousand titles (numbered 39000-39999) was issued in the 27 cm or ten and three-quarter inch format.
As a result, this practice was the empirical beginning of using pre-emphasis above 1,000 Hz in 78 and 33 1 ⁄ 3 rpm records, some 29 years before the RIAA curve. Over the years, a variety of record equalization practices emerged, with no industry standard.
The double-sided (nominally 78 rpm) shellac disc was the standard consumer music format from the early 1910s to the late 1950s. In various permutations, the audio disc format became the primary medium for consumer sound recordings until the end of the 20th century.
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