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Methanation is the conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO x) to methane (CH 4) through hydrogenation. The methanation reactions of CO x were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902. [1] CO x methanation has many practical applications.
The following table lists the Van der Waals constants (from the Van der Waals equation) for a number of common gases and volatile liquids. [ 1 ] To convert from L 2 b a r / m o l 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {L^{2}bar/mol^{2}} } to L 2 k P a / m o l 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {L^{2}kPa/mol^{2}} } , multiply by 100.
Methanol is made from methane (natural gas) in a series of three reactions: . Steam reforming CH 4 + H 2 O → CO + 3 H 2 Δ r H = +206 kJ mol −1 Water shift reaction CO + H 2 O → CO 2 + H 2 Δ r H = -41 kJ mol −1
Alternatively, one can graph the expressions and see where they intersect with the line given by the inverse Damköhler number to see the solution for conversion. In the plot below, the y-axis is the inverse Damköhler number and the x-axis the conversion. The rule-of-thumb inverse Damköhler numbers have been placed as dashed horizontal lines.
Methane has an atmospheric lifetime of 12 ± 2 years. [9]: Table 7.15 The 2021 IPCC report lists the GWP as 83 over a time scale of 20 years, 30 over 100 years and 10 over 500 years. [9]: Table 7.15 The decrease in GWP at longer times is because methane decomposes to water and CO 2 through chemical
Additional hydrogen is obtained by the reaction of CO with water via the water-gas shift reaction: CO + H 2 O ⇌ CO 2 + H 2. This reaction is mildly exothermic (produces heat, ΔH r = −41 kJ/mol). Methane is also subjected to free-radical chlorination in the production of chloromethanes, although methanol is a more typical precursor. [35]
Paul Sabatier (1854-1941) winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912 and discoverer of the reaction in 1897. The Sabatier reaction or Sabatier process produces methane and water from a reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures (optimally 300–400 °C) and pressures (perhaps 3 MPa [1]) in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
This is sometimes called the reverse water–gas shift reaction. [20] Water gas is defined as a fuel gas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2). The term 'shift' in water–gas shift means changing the water gas composition (CO:H 2) ratio. The ratio can be increased by adding CO 2 or reduced by adding steam to the reactor.