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Islamic views on slavery represent a complex and multifaceted body of Islamic thought, [1] [2] with various Islamic groups or thinkers espousing views on the matter which have been radically different throughout history. [3] Slavery was a mainstay of life in pre-Islamic Arabia and surrounding lands.
Critics argue there is hard evidence of its existence and destructive effects. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Islam, slavery in central Islamic lands has been "virtually extinct" since the mid-20th century, though there are reports indicating that it is still practiced in some areas of Sudan and Somalia as a result of warfare. [271]
The text encourages Muslim men to take slave women as sexual partners (concubines), or marry them. [98] Islam, states Lewis, did not permit Dhimmis (non-Muslims) "to own Muslim slaves; and if a slave owned by a dhimmi embraced Islam, his owner was legally obliged to free or sell him". There was also a gradation in the status on the slave, and ...
Lewis states that in Muslim lands slaves had a certain legal status and had obligations as well as rights to the slave owner, an improvement over slavery in the ancient world. [21] [22] Due to these reforms the practice of slavery in the Islamic Empire represented a "vast improvement on that inherited from antiquity, from Rome, and from ...
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Race and Slavery in the Middle East: an Historical Enquiry is a 1990 book written by the British historian Bernard Lewis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The book details the Islamic history of slavery in the Middle East from its earliest incarnations until its abolition in the various countries of the region.
In Islamic jurisprudence, slavery was theoretically an exceptional condition under the dictum The basic principle is liberty. [138] [9] Reports from Sudan and Somalia showing practice of slavery is in border areas as a result of continuing war [139] and not Islamic belief.
According to some scholars, [25] there has been a "reopening" of the issue of slavery by some conservative Salafi Islamic scholars after its "closing" earlier in the 20th century when Muslim countries banned slavery and "most Muslim scholars" found the practice "inconsistent with Qur'anic morality." [26] [27]