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The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
An account of barley rations issued monthly to adults and children written in cuneiform script on a clay tablet, written in year 4 of King Urukagina, c. 2350 BC. The Sumerians were one of the first known beer-drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew.
In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ṭuppu(m) 𒁾) [1] were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age. Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylus often made of reed . Once written upon, many tablets were dried in the sun or air ...
Proto-cuneiform tablet recording the allocation of beer. There is a longstanding debate in the academic community regarding when the Sumerian people arrived in Mesopotamia.
Amarna letter EA 153 from Abimilku.. These letters, comprising cuneiform tablets written primarily in Akkadian – the regional language of diplomacy for this period – were first discovered around 1887 by local Egyptians who secretly dug most of them from the ruined city of Amarna, and sold them in the antiquities market. [8]
Scholars deciphered inscriptions on 4,000-year-old tablets more than 100 years after they were originally discovered. Omens on the tablet threaten tragedies including famines, plagues, and invasions.
These records were written in the Sumerian language in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC during the Middle Bronze Age. [ 1 ] The Sumerians invented one of the first writing systems, developing Sumerian cuneiform writing out of earlier proto-writing systems by about the 30th century BC.
Geoffrey Sampson stated that Egyptian hieroglyphs "came into existence a little after Sumerian script, and, probably, [were] invented under the influence of the latter", [41] and that it is "probable that the general idea of expressing words of a language in writing was brought to Egypt from Sumerian Mesopotamia".