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The opposite of reductionism is holism, a word coined by Jan Smuts in Holism and Evolution, that understanding a system can be done only as a whole.One form of antireductionism (epistemological) holds that we simply are not capable of understanding systems at the level of their most basic constituents, and so the program of reductionism must fail.
Nursing ethics is more concerned with developing the caring relationship than broader principles, such as beneficence and justice. [6] For example, a concern to promote beneficence may be expressed in traditional medical ethics by the exercise of paternalism , where the health professional makes a decision based upon a perspective of acting in ...
Feyerabend began writing Against Method in 1968 [3] and it was originally released as a long paper in the Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science series in 1970. At the behest of Lakatos, who originally planned to write For Method in contrast to Against Method but then died, [3] the paper was expanded into a book published in 1975.
Antiphilosophy is an opposition to traditional philosophy. [1] [2] It may be characterized as anti-theoretical, critical of a priori justifications, and may see common philosophical problems as misconceptions that are to be dissolved. [3] Common strategies may involve forms of relativism, skepticism, nihilism, or pluralism. [4]
Antitheism has been adopted as a label by those who regard theism as dangerous, destructive, or encouraging of harmful behavior. Christopher Hitchens (2001) [6] wrote: . I'm not even an atheist so much as I am an antitheist; I not only maintain that all religions are versions of the same untruth, but I hold that the influence of churches, and the effect of religious belief, is positively harmful."
Kari Martinsen (born 1943) is a Norwegian nurse and academic, whose work focuses on nursing theory. After competing nursing training and working as a psychiatric nurse, she returned to school to earn a bachelor's, master's and PhD degree. Developing ideas about the philosophy involved in taking care of other people, she moved away from ...
Sophia, International Journal of Philosophy and Traditions is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering philosophy, metaphysics, religion and ethics. It was established in 1962 by Max Charlesworth and Graeme de Graaf. Charlesworth served as co-editor from 1962 to 1990. [1]
She stated in her nursing notes that nursing "is an act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery" (Nightingale 1860/1969), [2] that it involves the nurse's initiative to configure environmental settings appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patient's health, and that external factors associated with the patient's surroundings affect life or biologic ...