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Valaciclovir, also spelled valacyclovir, is an antiviral medication used to treat outbreaks of herpes simplex or herpes zoster (shingles). [2] It is also used to prevent cytomegalovirus following a kidney transplant in high risk cases. [ 2 ]
The scarring of the small blood vessels, called capillary sclerosis, is the initial lesion of analgesic nephropathy. [7] Found in the renal pelvis, ureter, and capillaries supplying the nephrons, capillary sclerosis is thought to lead to renal papillary necrosis and, in turn, chronic interstitial nephritis.
"Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation: Drugs". pancreas-kidney.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. a brief history of immunosuppressive drugs. Retrieved 21 August 2005. Papich M (2001). "Immunosuppressive drug therapy". World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA). Archived from the original on 30 November 2016
Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions. [1] [2] In general, deliberately induced immunosuppression is performed to prevent the body from rejecting an organ transplant. [3]
Compounds isolated from fruiting bodies and filtrates of various mushrooms have broad-spectrum antiviral activities, but successful production and availability of such compounds as frontline antiviral is a long way away. [15] Viral life cycles vary in their precise details depending on the type of virus, but they all share a general pattern:
Kidney ischemia [1] is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. [2] Blood vessels shrink and undergo apoptosis which results in poor blood flow in the kidneys. More complications happen when failure of the kidney functions result in toxicity in various parts of the body which may cause septic shock, hypovolemia, and a need for surgery. [3]
Radioisotope renography is a form of medical imaging of the kidneys that uses radiolabelling.A renogram, which may also be known as a MAG3 scan, allows a nuclear medicine physician or a radiologist to visualize the kidneys and learn more about how they are functioning. [1]
People living with HIV can expect to live a nearly normal life span if able to achieve durable viral suppression on combination antiretroviral therapy. However this requires lifelong medication and will still have higher rates of cardiovascular, kidney, liver and neurologic disease. [ 130 ]