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During World War II, most U.S. black soldiers still served only in maintenance or service positions, or in segregated units. Because of troop shortages during the Battle of the Bulge, Eisenhower decided to integrate the service for the first time. [183] This was an important step toward a desegregated United States military.
Ardennes 1944: The Battle of the Bulge. New York: Penguin. ISBN 9780143109860. Dupuy, Trevor N. (1994). Hitler's Last Gamble: The Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 – January 1945. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-016627-4. MacDonald, Charles B. (2002). A Time For Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge. New York: Perennial.
On the morning of Dec. 16, 1944, German soldiers burst through the mists and snows of Belgium’s dense Ardennes Forest to attack outnumbered American soldiers in what became known as the Battle ...
The Ardennes (French: Ardenne ⓘ; Dutch: Ardennen [ɑrˈdɛnə(n)] ⓘ; German: Ardennen; Walloon: Årdene; Luxembourgish: Ardennen [ɑʁˈdænən]), also known as the Ardennes Forest or Forest of Ardennes, is a region of extensive forests, rough terrain, rolling hills and ridges primarily in Belgium and Luxembourg, extending into Germany and France.
Bastogne, a hub city that commanded several important roads in the area, was defended mainly by the 28th Infantry Division, which had seen continuous fighting from 22 July to 19 November, most recently in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest, before being assigned to this relatively quiet area. The Allies believed only an infantry division was present ...
Walter Model, Gerd von Rundstedt and Hans Krebs plan for the Ardennes Offensive (Battle of the Bulge) in November 1944. "We gamble everything!" were the words used by Gerd von Rundstedt, commander-in-chief of the German Western Front, [10]: 97 to describe Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ("Watch on the Rhine").
The offensive against American forces in the Ardennes forest had preoccupied Hitler's mind, and the Eastern Front had suddenly become of secondary importance to the Wehrmacht High Command [132] For example, the Sixth Panzer Army would not be transferred to the Eastern Front until 16 January 1945.
Operation Northwind (German: Unternehmen Nordwind) was the last major German offensive of World War II on the Western Front.Northwind was launched to support the German Ardennes offensive campaign in the Battle of the Bulge, which by late December 1944 had decisively turned against the German forces.