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  2. Phalanx - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx

    The Battle of the Caudine Forks showed the clumsiness of the Roman phalanx against the Samnites. The Romans had originally employed the phalanx themselves [25] but gradually evolved more flexible tactics. The result was the three-line Roman legion of the middle period of the Roman Republic, the Manipular System. Romans used a phalanx for their ...

  3. Maniple (military unit) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniple_(military_unit)

    The rugged terrain of Samnium, where the war was fought, was not conducive to the phalanx formation which the Romans had inherited from the Etruscans and Ancient Greeks. The main battle troops of the Etruscans and Latins of this period comprised Greek-style hoplite phalanxes, inherited from the original Greek phalanx military unit.

  4. Roman infantry tactics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics

    Roman military tactics evolved from the type of a small tribal host-seeking local hegemony to massive operations encompassing a world empire. This advance was affected by changing trends in Roman political, social, and economic life, and that of the larger Mediterranean world, but it was also under-girded by a distinctive "Roman way" of war.

  5. Roman timekeeping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_timekeeping

    The natural day (dies naturalis) ran from sunrise to sunset. [6] The hours were numbered from one to twelve as hora prima, hora secunda, hora tertia, etc. To indicate that it is a day or night hour, Romans used expressions such as for example prima diei hora (first hour of the day), and prima noctis hora (first hour of the night). [7]

  6. Battle of Pydna - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pydna

    The Romans had placed the two legions in the middle, with the allied Latin, Italian, and Greek infantry on their flanks. The cavalry was placed on the wings, with the Roman right being supplemented by 22 elephants. The phalanx took up the center of the Macedonian line, with the elite 3,000-strong Guard formed to the left of the phalanx.

  7. Testudo formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudo_formation

    In the testudo formation, the men would align their shields to form a packed formation covered with shields on the front and top. [1] The first row of men, possibly excluding the men on the flanks, would hold their shields from about the height of their shins to their eyes, so as to cover the formation's front.

  8. 9 discoveries that have fundamentally altered our ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/9-discoveries-fundamentally-altered...

    Archaeologists study artifacts, monuments, and other remains to get a better sense of human history. What they discover often rewrites humans' past and changes the way we think about our species.

  9. Battle of Heraclea - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heraclea

    The Romans made seven attacks, yet they could not break the phalanx, and the battle hung in the air. At one point, the battle became so pitched that Pyrrhus—realizing that if he were to fall in combat, his soldiers would lose heart and run—switched armor with one of his bodyguards.