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The first plaque was launched with Pioneer 10 on March 2, 1972, and the second followed with Pioneer 11 on April 5, 1973. In May 2017, a limited edition of 200 replicas engraved from the original master design at Precision Engravers was made available in a Kickstarter Campaign, which also offered laser-engraved replicas.
The Pioneer programs were two series of United States lunar and planetary space probes.The first program, which ran from 1958 to 1960, unsuccessfully attempted to send spacecraft to orbit the Moon, successfully sent one spacecraft to fly by the Moon, and successfully sent one spacecraft to investigate interplanetary space between the orbits of Earth and Venus.
Pioneer 10 (originally designated Pioneer F) is a NASA space probe launched in 1972 that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. [6] Pioneer 10 became the first of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity needed to leave the Solar System. This space exploration project was conducted by the NASA Ames Research Center in ...
Salzman Sagan created the artwork for the plaque on the Pioneer spacecraft [1] and coproduced the Voyager Golden Record. [2]Salzman Sagan co-authored the book Murmurs of Earth with her husband, astronomer Carl Sagan, whom she married on April 6, 1968; the marriage lasted until their divorce in 1981.
Also as of 2024, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are the only probes to have actually reached interstellar space. [1] The other three are on interstellar trajectories. Contact to Pioneer 10 and 11 was lost long before they reached interstellar space. The termination shock is the point in the heliosphere where the solar wind slows down to subsonic speed.
Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a NASA robotic space probe launched on April 5, 1973, to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, the solar wind, and cosmic rays. [2] It was the first probe to encounter Saturn, the second to fly through the asteroid belt, and the second to fly by Jupiter.
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The non-gravitational acceleration of the deep space probe New Horizons has been measured at about 1.25 × 10 −9 m/s 2 sunward, [18] somewhat larger than the effect on Pioneer. Modelling of thermal effects indicates an expected sunward acceleration of 1.15 × 10 −9 m/s 2 , [ 19 ] and given the uncertainties, the acceleration appears ...