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  2. Birkeland current - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkeland_current

    Schematic of the Birkeland or Field-Aligned Currents and the ionospheric current systems they connect to, Pedersen and Hall currents. [1]A Birkeland current (also known as field-aligned current, FAC) is a set of electrical currents that flow along geomagnetic field lines connecting the Earth's magnetosphere to the Earth's high latitude ionosphere.

  3. Magnetosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere

    The magnetosphere of Jupiter is the largest planetary magnetosphere in the Solar System, extending up to 7,000,000 kilometers (4,300,000 mi) on the dayside and almost to the orbit of Saturn on the nightside. [17] Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than Earth's by an order of magnitude, and its magnetic moment is approximately 18,000 times ...

  4. Thermosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosphere

    The thermosphere (or the upper atmosphere) is the height region above 85 kilometres (53 mi), while the region between the tropopause and the mesopause is the middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) where absorption of solar UV radiation generates the temperature maximum near an altitude of 45 kilometres (28 mi) and causes the ozone layer.

  5. Optical power meter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_power_meter

    Optical power meters usually display time-averaged power. So for pulse measurements, the signal duty cycle must be known to calculate the peak power value. However, the instantaneous peak power must be less than the maximum meter reading, or the detector may saturate, resulting in wrong average readings.

  6. Space weather - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_weather

    Since the solar wind carries disturbances that affect the magnetosphere and ionosphere, IMP-8 demonstrated the utility of continuous solar wind monitoring. IMP-8 was followed by ISEE-3 , which was placed near the L 1 Sun-Earth Lagrangian point , 235 Earth radii above the surface (about 1.5 million km, or 924,000 miles) and continuously ...

  7. Spacecraft magnetometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_magnetometer

    The MESSENGER mission has triaxial ring-coil magnetometer with a range of +/- 1000 mT and a sensitivity of 0.02 mT, still in progress, the mission is designed to get detailed information about Mercurian magnetosphere. [25] The first use of spherical magnetometer in three axis configuration was on the Ørsted satellite.

  8. Light meter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_meter

    Use of a light meter for portrait cinematography in a Turkish music video set. A light meter (or illuminometer) is a device used to measure the amount of light.In photography, an exposure meter is a light meter coupled to either a digital or analog calculator which displays the correct shutter speed and f-number for optimum exposure, given a certain lighting situation and film speed.

  9. Stellar magnetic field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field

    The coolest of these, 2MASS J10475385+2124234 with a temperature of 800-900 K, retains a magnetic field stronger than 1.7 kG, making it some 3000 times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field. [18] Radio observations also suggest that their magnetic fields periodically change their orientation, similar to the Sun during the solar cycle .