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  2. List of common coordinate transformations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_coordinate...

    Let (x, y, z) be the standard Cartesian coordinates, and (ρ, θ, φ) the spherical coordinates, with θ the angle measured away from the +Z axis (as , see conventions in spherical coordinates). As φ has a range of 360° the same considerations as in polar (2 dimensional) coordinates apply whenever an arctangent of it is taken. θ has a range ...

  3. Rotation of axes in two dimensions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_of_axes_in_two...

    A point P has coordinates (x, y) with respect to the original system and coordinates (x′, y′) with respect to the new system. [1] In the new coordinate system, the point P will appear to have been rotated in the opposite direction, that is, clockwise through the angle . A rotation of axes in more than two dimensions is defined similarly.

  4. Point in polygon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_in_polygon

    One solution using the even-odd rule is to transform (complex) polygons into simpler ones that are even-odd-equivalent before the intersection check. [10] This, however, is computationally expensive. It is less expensive to use the fast non-zero winding number algorithm, which gives the correct result even when the polygon overlaps itself.

  5. Z-order curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-order_curve

    The Z-ordering can be used to efficiently build a quadtree (2D) or octree (3D) for a set of points. [5] [6] The basic idea is to sort the input set according to Z-order.Once sorted, the points can either be stored in a binary search tree and used directly, which is called a linear quadtree, [7] or they can be used to build a pointer based quadtree.

  6. Line–line intersection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line–line_intersection

    The mapping from 3D to 2D coordinates is (x′, y′) = (⁠ x / w ⁠, ⁠ y / w ⁠). We can convert 2D points to homogeneous coordinates by defining them as (x, y, 1). Assume that we want to find intersection of two infinite lines in 2-dimensional space, defined as a 1 x + b 1 y + c 1 = 0 and a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0.

  7. Shoelace formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula

    Shoelace scheme for determining the area of a polygon with point coordinates (,),..., (,). The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, [1] is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. [2]

  8. Stream function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_function

    Then every point on the curve has coordinate =. Let the total length of the curve A P {\displaystyle AP} be L {\displaystyle L} . Suppose a ribbon-shaped surface is created by extending the curve A P {\displaystyle AP} upward to the horizontal plane z = b {\displaystyle z=b} ( b > 0 ) {\displaystyle (b>0)} , where b {\displaystyle b} is the ...

  9. Curvilinear coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_coordinates

    In geometry, curvilinear coordinates are a coordinate system for Euclidean space in which the coordinate lines may be curved. These coordinates may be derived from a set of Cartesian coordinates by using a transformation that is locally invertible (a one-to-one map) at each point. This means that one can convert a point given in a Cartesian ...