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Energy is a scalar quantity, and the mechanical energy of a system is the sum of the potential energy (which is measured by the position of the parts of the system) and the kinetic energy (which is also called the energy of motion): [1] [2]
The total energy of the system is (,,, …) where S is entropy, and the are the other extensive parameters of the system (e.g. volume, particle number, etc.).The entropy of the system may likewise be written as a function of the other extensive parameters as (,,, …
The adjective kinetic has its roots in the Greek word κίνησις kinesis, meaning "motion".The dichotomy between kinetic energy and potential energy can be traced back to Aristotle's concepts of actuality and potentiality.
In fluid dynamics, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is the mean kinetic energy per unit mass associated with eddies in turbulent flow.Physically, the turbulence kinetic energy is characterized by measured root-mean-square (RMS) velocity fluctuations.
The Helmholtz free energy is defined as [3], where . F is the Helmholtz free energy (sometimes also called A, particularly in the field of chemistry) (SI: joules, CGS: ergs),; U is the internal energy of the system (SI: joules, CGS: ergs),
The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the energy of the system as a state function, measured as the quantity of energy necessary to bring the system from its standard internal state to its present internal state of interest, accounting for the gains and losses of energy due to changes in its internal state, including such quantities as magnetization.
Flux F through a surface, dS is the differential vector area element, n is the unit normal to the surface. Left: No flux passes in the surface, the maximum amount flows normal to the surface.
The Fermi energy is a concept in quantum mechanics usually referring to the energy difference between the highest and lowest occupied single-particle states in a quantum system of non-interacting fermions at absolute zero temperature.