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In 637/638, the Sasanians lost Mesopotamia [98] and Persia itself was conquered in 640 [98] –650. [115] By the time of Yazdegerd III's death in 651, the Sasanians only retained Bactria. [98] Following the Muslim victory, the Sasanian Empire was dissolved and Iran came under the direct rule of the Islamic caliphs. [116]
Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199330799. Zabir, Sepehr (2011). The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (RLE Iran D). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-81270-5. Bāmdād, Mahdī [in Persian] (2005). ʻAlīʹzādah Ishkavarī, D̲abīḥallāh (ed.).
Iran functioned again as a leading world power, especially in rivalry with the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century, Iran lost significant territories in the Caucasus to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Persian Wars. [20] Iran remained a monarchy until the 1979 Iranian Revolution, when it officially became an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979.
The two brothers came into conflict, which was only settled when Kai-Khusrau's died (1338/9). Mas'ud Shah was quickly faced with more challenges to his reign. A year after Kai Khusrau's death, a fourth son of Sharaf al-Din named Shams al-Din Muhammad escaped from his brother's prison of Qal'a-yi Saf'id, whereupon he joined the Chobanids .
The Guarded Domains of Iran, [a] alternatively the Sublime State of Iran [b] and commonly called Qajar Iran, Qajar Persia or the Qajar Empire, was the Iranian state [7] under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic origin, [8] [9] [10] specifically from the Qajar tribe, from 1789 to 1925.
During his 37-year-long rule, Iran spent billions of dollars' worth on industry, education, health, and military spending. The Iranian national income rose 423 times over, and the country saw an unprecedented rise in per capita income—which reached the highest level of any point in Iran's history—and high levels of urbanization. By 1977 ...
In their eyes, any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy. Iran had immense oil wealth, a long border with the Soviet Union, and a nationalist prime minister. The prospect of a fall into communism and a "second China" (after Mao Zedong won the Chinese Civil War) terrified the Dulles brothers.
The Pahlavi dynasty ruled Iran from 1925 to 1979, founded by Reza Shah and succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah. The Pahlavis modernized Iran, improving infrastructure, education, and industry, while strengthening the military and legal systems. Mohammad Reza Shah’s reforms aimed to develop the economy and improve healthcare.