Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
ion speed of sound, the speed of the longitudinal waves resulting from the mass of the ions and the pressure of the electrons: = () , where is the adiabatic index Alfvén velocity , the speed of the waves resulting from the mass of the ions and the restoring force of the magnetic field:
c °C to f °F: f = c × 1.8 + 32; f °F to k K: k = f + 459.67 / 1.8 k K to f °F: f = k × 1.8 − 459.67; There is also an exact conversion between Celsius and Fahrenheit scales making use of the correspondence −40 °F ≘ −40 °C. Again, f is the numeric value in degrees Fahrenheit, and c the numeric value in degrees Celsius:
For example, for a typical steel alloy, K = 170 GPa, G = 80 GPa and p = 7700 kg/m 3, yielding a compressional speed c solid,p of 6,000 m/s. [11] This is in reasonable agreement with c solid,p measured experimentally at 5,930 m/s for a (possibly different) type of steel. [21] The shear speed c solid,s is estimated at 3,200 m/s using the same ...
u is the local flow velocity with respect to the boundaries (either internal, such as an object immersed in the flow, or external, like a channel), and; c is the speed of sound in the medium, which in air varies with the square root of the thermodynamic temperature. By definition, at Mach 1, the local flow velocity u is equal to the speed of sound.
Variations in wave speed, influenced by differences in material density and state (solid, liquid, or gas), alter wave paths through refraction and reflection, as described by Snell's Law. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] P-waves, which can move through all states of matter and provide data on a range of depths, change speed based on the material's properties ...
Wave speed is a wave property, which may refer to absolute value of: phase velocity , the velocity at which a wave phase propagates at a certain frequency group velocity , the propagation velocity for the envelope of wave groups and often of wave energy, different from the phase velocity for dispersive waves
The speed at which light propagates through transparent materials, such as glass or air, is less than c; similarly, the speed of electromagnetic waves in wire cables is slower than c. The ratio between c and the speed v at which light travels in a material is called the refractive index n of the material ( n = c / v ).
A P wave (primary wave or pressure wave) is one of the two main types of elastic body waves, called seismic waves in seismology. P waves travel faster than other seismic waves and hence are the first signal from an earthquake to arrive at any affected location or at a seismograph. P waves may be transmitted through gases, liquids, or solids.