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Ultimate loss amounts are necessary for determining an insurance company's carried reserves. They are also useful for determining adequate insurance premiums, when loss experience is used as a rating factor [4] [5] [6] Loss development factors are used in all triangular methods of loss reserving, [7] such as the chain-ladder method.
The chain-ladder or development [1] method is a prominent [2] [3] actuarial loss reserving technique. The chain-ladder method is used in both the property and casualty [ 1 ] [ 4 ] and health insurance [ 5 ] fields.
In the second approach, reported (or paid) losses are first developed to ultimate using a chain-ladder approach and applying a loss development factor (LDF). Next, the chain-ladder ultimate is multiplied by an estimated percent reported. Finally, expected losses multiplied by an estimated percent unreported are added (as in the first approach).
Two of the factors utilized are widely considered to be dummies as their value and thus their impact upon the formula typically is 0. [2] When using an O-score to evaluate the probability of company’s failure, then exp(O-score) is divided by 1 + exp(O-score). [3] The calculation for Ohlson O-score appears below: [4]
Revenues and gross profit are recognized each period based on the construction progress, in other words, the percentage of completion. Construction costs plus gross profit earned to date are accumulated in an asset account (construction in process, also called construction in progress), and progress billings are accumulated in a liability account (billing on construction in process).
The modified Dietz method [1] [2] [3] is a measure of the ex post (i.e. historical) performance of an investment portfolio in the presence of external flows. (External flows are movements of value such as transfers of cash, securities or other instruments in or out of the portfolio, with no equal simultaneous movement of value in the opposite direction, and which are not income from the ...
Failure mode effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) is an extension of failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA).. FMEA is a bottom-up, inductive analytical method which may be performed at either the functional or piece-part level.
Loss given default or LGD is the share of an asset that is lost if a borrower defaults. It is a common parameter in risk models and also a parameter used in the calculation of economic capital , expected loss or regulatory capital under Basel II for a banking institution .