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Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. [1] Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Scaling of data: One of the properties of the tests is the scale of the data, which can be interval-based, ordinal or nominal. [3] Nominal scale is also known as categorical. [6] Interval scale is also known as numerical. [6] When categorical data has only two possibilities, it is called binary or dichotomous. [1]
This is a list of statistical procedures which can be used for the analysis of categorical data, also known as data on the nominal scale and as categorical variables. General tests [ edit ]
Nominal data is often compared to ordinal and ratio data to determine if individual data points influence the behavior of quantitatively driven datasets. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] For example, the effect of race (nominal) on income (ratio) could be investigated by regressing the level of income upon one or more dummy variables that specify race.
[1]: 2 These data exist on an ordinal scale, one of four levels of measurement described by S. S. Stevens in 1946. The ordinal scale is distinguished from the nominal scale by having a ranking. [2] It also differs from the interval scale and ratio scale by not having category widths that represent equal increments of the underlying attribute. [3]
Since no single form of classification is appropriate for all data sets, a large toolkit of classification algorithms has been developed. The most commonly used include: [ 9 ] Artificial neural networks – Computational model used in machine learning, based on connected, hierarchical functions Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect ...
Some data are measured at the nominal level. That is, any numbers used are mere labels; they express no mathematical properties. Examples are SKU inventory codes and UPC bar codes. Some data are measured at the ordinal level. Numbers indicate the relative position of items, but not the magnitude of difference. An example is a preference ranking.
In terms of levels of measurement, non-parametric methods result in ordinal data. As non-parametric methods make fewer assumptions, their applicability is much more general than the corresponding parametric methods. In particular, they may be applied in situations where less is known about the application in question.