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  2. Immediate constituent analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_constituent_analysis

    The ICA for a given sentence is arrived at usually by way of constituency tests. Constituency tests (e.g. topicalization, clefting, pseudoclefting, pro-form substitution, answer ellipsis, passivization, omission, coordination, etc.) identify the constituents, large and small, of English sentences. Two illustrations of the manner in which ...

  3. Reading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading

    Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

  4. Close reading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_reading

    In literary criticism, close reading is the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of a text. A close reading emphasizes the single and the particular over the general, via close attention to individual words, the syntax, the order in which the sentences unfold ideas, as well as formal structures. [1]

  5. Structural approach - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_approach

    English language helps to communicate with ease . Through structural approach we can learn English or any other language fluently. Structural approach teaches to learn sentences in a systematic manner which involves the structure, sequencing and pattern arrangement of a words to make a proper and complete sentences with meaning.

  6. Reading comprehension - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehension

    Comprehension specifically is a "creative, multifaceted process" that is dependent upon four language skills: phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. [6] Reading comprehension is a part of literacy. Some of the fundamental skills required in efficient reading comprehension are the ability to: [7] [8] [9] know the meaning of words,

  7. Direct method (education) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_method_(education)

    Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught during the initial phase; grammar, reading, and writing are introduced in the intermediate phase. Oral communication skills are built up in a carefully graded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes.

  8. Sentence processing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_processing

    Sentence processing takes place whenever a reader or listener processes a language utterance, either in isolation or in the context of a conversation or a text. Many studies of the human language comprehension process have focused on reading of single utterances (sentences) without context.

  9. Dual-route hypothesis to reading aloud - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-route_hypothesis_to...

    Reading is an area that has been extensively studied via the computational model system. The dual-route cascaded model (DRC) was developed to understand the dual-route to reading in humans. [14] Some commonalities between human reading and the DRC model are: [5] Frequently occurring words are read aloud faster than non-frequently occurring words.