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In computer software and hardware, find first set (ffs) or find first one is a bit operation that, given an unsigned machine word, [nb 1] designates the index or position of the least significant bit set to one in the word counting from the least significant bit position.
If we wish to find the number of 1 bits in a bit array, sometimes called the population count or Hamming weight, there are efficient branch-free algorithms that can compute the number of bits in a word using a series of simple bit operations. We simply run such an algorithm on each word and keep a running total. Counting zeros is similar.
A bit field is distinguished from a bit array in that the latter is used to store a large set of bits indexed by integers and is often wider than any integral type supported by the language. [citation needed] Bit fields, on the other hand, typically fit within a machine word, [3] and the denotation of bits is independent of their numerical ...
The slime mould Physarum polycephalum is able to compute high-quality approximate solutions to the Traveling Salesman Problem, a combinatorial test with exponentially increasing complexity, in linear time. [15] Fungi such as basidiomycetes can also be used to build logical circuits.
The evolution of biological complexity is one important outcome of the process of evolution. [1] Evolution has produced some remarkably complex organisms – although the actual level of complexity is very hard to define or measure accurately in biology, with properties such as gene content, the number of cell types or morphology all proposed as possible metrics.
The Hamming weight is named after the American mathematician Richard Hamming, although he did not originate the notion. [5] The Hamming weight of binary numbers was already used in 1899 by James W. L. Glaisher to give a formula for the number of odd binomial coefficients in a single row of Pascal's triangle. [6]
In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. [1]
Because bit-reversal permutations may be repeated multiple times as part of a calculation, it may be helpful to separate out the steps of the algorithm that calculate index data used to represent the permutation (for instance, by using the doubling and concatenation method) from the steps that use the results of this calculation to permute the ...