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Atrophy (reduced functionality of an organ, with decrease in the number or volume of cells) Hypertrophy (increase in the volume of cells or tissues) Hypotrophy (decrease in the volume of cells or tissues) Dystrophy (any degenerative disorder resulting from improper or faulty nutrition)
Muscle hypertrophy may precede pseudohypertrophy by infiltration of fatty tissue [4] Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: Calf muscle [15] /infraspinatus [19] /deltoid muscles [5] "Poly-hill sign" (hypertrophy and atrophy of shoulder girdle muscles) and "Popeye sign" (atrophy of biceps, but spared forearm). [19] Myotonic dystrophy types 1 & 2
Cerebral atrophy can be hard to distinguish from hydrocephalus because both cerebral atrophy and hydrocephalus involve an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. In cerebral atrophy, this increase in CSF volume comes as a result of the decrease in cortical volume. In hydrocephalus, the increase in volume happens due to the CSF itself. [20]
Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. Causes of atrophy include mutations (which can destroy the gene to build up the organ), poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to the target organ, excessive amount of apoptosis of cells, and disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself.
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS type 1 and type 2), sometimes referred to by the hyponyms reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) or reflex neurovascular dystrophy (RND), is a rare and severe form of neuroinflammatory and dysautonomic disorder causing chronic pain, neurovascular, and neuropathic symptoms.
In addition to orthostatic hypotension, supine hypertension, where the BP is excessively high lying down, is a frequent problem in multiple system atrophy. Treatment of one symptom can easily aggravate the other, and supine hypertension in such patients has been linked to the same cardiovascular complications as essential hypertension. [73]
Pseudohypertrophy, or false enlargement, is an increase in the size of an organ due to infiltration of a tissue not normally found in that organ. [1] It is commonly applied to enlargement of a muscle due to infiltration of fat or connective tissue, [2] famously in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Becker muscular dystrophy; Other names: Benign pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy [1] X-linked recessive is the manner in which this condition is inherited: Specialty: Neurology Symptoms: Severe upper extremity muscle weakness, [2] Toe-walking [3] Causes: Mutations in DMD gene [4] Diagnostic method: Neurological exam, muscle exam [3] Treatment