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Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. Causes of atrophy include mutations (which can destroy the gene to build up the organ), poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to the target organ, excessive amount of apoptosis of cells, and disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself.
Muscle hypertrophy may precede pseudohypertrophy by infiltration of fatty tissue [4] Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: Calf muscle [15] /infraspinatus [19] /deltoid muscles [5] "Poly-hill sign" (hypertrophy and atrophy of shoulder girdle muscles) and "Popeye sign" (atrophy of biceps, but spared forearm). [19] Myotonic dystrophy types 1 & 2
LAMA2-related (merosin deficient) congenital muscular dystrophy (Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy) Collagen VI-related muscular dystrophy (Bethlem myopathy, Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy) α-Dystroglycanopathies (Walker–Warburg syndrome, muscle-eye-brain disease) Laminopathies
Atrophy (reduced functionality of an organ, with decrease in the number or volume of cells) Hypertrophy (increase in the volume of cells or tissues) Hypotrophy (decrease in the volume of cells or tissues) Dystrophy (any degenerative disorder resulting from improper or faulty nutrition)
Hypertrophy is the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. [1] It is distinguished from hyperplasia , in which the cells remain approximately the same size but increase in number. [ 2 ]
Treatment approaches include impacting the signaling pathways that induce muscle hypertrophy or slow muscle breakdown as well as optimizing nutritional status. [ citation needed ] Physical activity provides a significant anabolic muscle stimulus and is a crucial component to slowing or reversing muscle atrophy. [ 3 ]
Cerebral atrophy can be hard to distinguish from hydrocephalus because both cerebral atrophy and hydrocephalus involve an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. In cerebral atrophy, this increase in CSF volume comes as a result of the decrease in cortical volume. In hydrocephalus, the increase in volume happens due to the CSF itself. [20]
In addition to orthostatic hypotension, supine hypertension, where the BP is excessively high lying down, is a frequent problem in multiple system atrophy. Treatment of one symptom can easily aggravate the other, and supine hypertension in such patients has been linked to the same cardiovascular complications as essential hypertension. [73]