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The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1194, involving many battles and independent conquerors. In 1130, the territories in southern Italy united as the Kingdom of Sicily, which included the island of Sicily, the southern third of the Italian Peninsula (including Benevento, which was briefly held twice), the archipelago of Malta, and parts of North Africa.
The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, [17] modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" [18] or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century) to mean "Norseman, Viking".
Robert I de Vaux, also known as Robert de Vallibus, Lord of Pentney, was a prominent 11th-century noble. A Norman knight, Robert participated in William, Duke of Normandy's invasion of England in 1066, with his brother Aitard. He obtained lands of Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex in England from Roger Bigod as tenant in chief.
Tancred of Hauteville (c. 980 – 1041 [citation needed]) was an 11th-century Norman lord. Little is known about him, and he is best remembered by the achievements of his twelve sons. Various legends arose about Tancred, but they have no supporting contemporary evidence that has survived the ages.
The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.
Robert Guiscard (/ ɡ iː ˈ s k ɑːr / ghee-SKAR, [1] Modern French: [ʁɔbɛʁ ɡiskaʁ]; c. 1015 – 17 July 1085), also referred to as Robert de Hauteville, was a Norman adventurer remembered for his conquest of southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th century.
Ranulf fitz Walter, also known as Randolph fitz Walter, was a prominent 11th-century noble. A Norman knight, Ranulf participated in William, Duke of Normandy's invasion of England in 1066. He obtained lands of Norfolk and Suffolk in England from Roger Bigod as tenant in chief. [1] [a] Ranulf was succeeded by his eldest son Gibert.
The common "knightly swords" of the high medieval period (11th to early 12th centuries) fall under types X to XII. Type X is the Norman sword as it developed out of the early medieval Viking sword by the 11th century. Type XI shows the development towards a more tapering point seen during the 12th century.